The chronological history of the internet ( assignment-1)

The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. According to Internet World Stats, as of December 31, 2011 there was an estimated 2,267,233,742 Internet users worldwide. This represents 32.7% of the world's population.

 

Origins of the Internet:
 

J.C.R. Licklider

·         J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 wrote about the Galactic Network concept.

·         Became first head of Computer Research Program at DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and convinced his successors about the importance of the project. 

·          Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper and book in packet switching theory in 1961 and 1964,respectively.

·          Kleinrock convinced Laurence G. Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of the project.

·         In 1966, Roberts went to DARPA and started development on ARPANET.

Leonard Kleinrock

·         ARPANET grew to become the Internet we know today.

Internet Timeline:

1970s:

• 1971: 15 nodes (23 hosts) all at US locations

• 1972: Ray Tomlinson modifies email program for

use on ARPANET; it becomes a big hit

• 1973: First international connections to ARPANET

(England and Norway)

• 1976: Elizabeth II sends email

• 1979: USENET (Newsgroups) established

• 1979: Scott Fahlman suggests use of emoticons,

:-) and :-(

1980s:

• 1983: ARPANET split into ARPANET (civilian)

and MILNET (military)

• 1983: Berkley UNIX Desktop OS includes IP

networking software

• 1984: Domain Name System (DNS) introduced

• 1985: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) introduced

• 1987: Number of hosts exceeds 10,000

• 1988: Morris Worm

• 1989: 100,000 hosts

1990s:

• 1990: ARPANET ceases to exist

• 1990: Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) invents HTTP and implements server and browser

• 1992: Jean Armour Polly: surfing the Internet

• 1993: NCSA Mosaic takes the Internet by storm

• 1994: Pizza Hut takes orders online

• 1995: Sun launches Java (including applets)

• 1995: Netscape introduces LiveScript (JavaScript)

• 1996: Beginning of Browser Wars (Mosaic vs. Netscape then later Netscape vs. Microsoft)

• 1996:US Telecoms lobby to ban Internet phones

• 1997: Domain business.com sells for $150,000

• 1998: Network Solutions registers 2,000,000th domain name

• 1999: A forged web page raises stocks of small technology company by 31% in one day

• 1999: US DoD requires all military systems to connect via NIPRNET, not directly to Internet

• 1999: Napster popularizes peer-to-peer file Sharing

2000s:

• 2000: A massive DoS attack is launched against Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay

• 2000: Code Red worm and Sircam virus infect thousands of web servers and email accounts

• 2002: Weblogs (blogs) become hip

• 2003: Year of viruses and worms: Slammer, Sobig.F, and Blaster

Today:

• Most widely-used Internet protocol: HTTP

• Most popular web browsers (Nov. 2006) [highly debatable]

– Internet Explorer: 59%

– Firefox: 30%

– Mozilla, Netscape, Opera: 5%

• Highest bandwidth consumption: Peer-to-peer file sharing protocols

Summary:

• Internet started out as US DoD project (ARPANET)

• Major Internet Protocols and Formats:

– Email (1973)

– Newsgroups (1979)

– File Transfer Protocol (1985)

– Archie, Gopher (1990s)

– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP – 19 90,1993)

– Hypertext Markup Language (HTML – 199 3)

– Real Simple Syndication (RSS - 1999)

• Major additions to HTTP and HTML

– Java (1995), JavaScript (1995), Flash and Shockwave

(1996)

for more online references, you can visit:
   • The Internet Society History Page
– http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/
• Hobbes' Internet Timeline
– http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
• Browser Statistics
– http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_stats.asp